Single- bullet theory - Wikipedia. The single- bullet theory (or magic- bullet theory, as it is commonly called by its critics) was introduced by the Warren Commission in its investigation of the assassination of. President. John F. Kennedy to explain what happened to the bullet that struck Kennedy in the back and exited through his throat.
Given the lack of damage to the presidential limousine consistent with it having been struck by a high- velocity bullet and the fact that Texas. Governor. John Connally was wounded and was seated on a jumper seat 1 1. If so, this bullet traversed 1.
The bullet was found on a gurney in the corridor at the Parkland Memorial Hospital, in Dallas, after the assassination. The Warren Commission found that this gurney was the one that had borne Governor Connally. Its copper jacket was completely intact. While the bullet's nose appeared normal, the tail was compressed laterally on one side.
In its conclusion, the Warren Commission found . The reason for this is timing: if, as the Warren Commission found, President Kennedy was wounded some time between frame 2.
Zapruder film. FBI marksmen, who test- fired the rifle for the Warren Commission, concluded that the . Two bullets struck President Kennedy, and one wounded Governor Connally.” .
The FBI concluded, therefore, that the governor had been struck by a separate bullet. In their initial viewing of the film, Connally seemed to be reacting to being struck between frames 2. Several assistant counsels, upon viewing the film for the first time, concluded there had to be two assassins. Assistant counsel Melvin Eisenberg wrote in a memorandum dated April 2. Kennedy was struck by frames 2.
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Get exclusive film and movie reviews from THR, the leading source of film reviews online. We take an honest look at the best and worst movies Hollywood has to offer. The importance of how low or high the bullet struck the President in the back is a matter of possible geometry. The Sibert/O'Neill FBI autopsy report original made by.
Therefore, if Governor Connally was in the path of the bullet it would have struck him and caused the wounds he sustained in his chest cavity.. Strong indications for that this occurred are provided by the facts that.. While not specifying a precise frame for when it was thought Connally was struck by the same bullet which struck Kennedy, the consensus was “by Z2.
For example, a nick on the limousine’s chrome was not from a high- velocity bullet as such a bullet would have pierced the chrome, not merely dented it.). Adjustments to measurements were made to account for the differences in the vehicles. With the agents in position, photographs were taken from the sniper’s nest of the Texas School Book Depository. Russell requested that his opposition to the theory be stated in a footnote in the report.
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- The gunshot wound in the back. The Bethesda autopsy physicians attempted to probe the bullet hole in the base of Kennedy's neck above the scapula, but were.
At 1. 2: 3. 4 p. m., approximately four minutes after the shots were fired, the first wire story flashed around the world: “DALLAS NOV. UPI) - - THREE SHOTS WERE FIRED AT PRESIDENT KENNEDY’S MOTORCADE TODAY IN DOWNTOWN DALLAS. Smith’s communication with the Dallas UPI office was made less than a minute after the shots were heard, as his car entered the Stemmons freeway en route to Dallas’ Parkland Hospital.
There were dozens of journalists riding in the motorcade in three open press cars and a press bus, none of whom reported hearing a number of shots other than three. Photographers Robert Jackson and Tom Dillard riding in a car in the motorcade heard three shots. The Warren Commission concluded that three shots were fired.
A few witnesses thought there were four or more shots. Of 1. 78 witnesses whose evidence was compiled by the House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA), 1. A total of 6 people said they thought they heard four shots, and 9 said they were not sure how many shots they heard. Another 7 people said they thought they heard 1, 5, 6, or 8 shots. He said he immediately feared an assassination attempt and turned to his right to look back to see the President. He looked over his right shoulder but did not catch the President out of the corner of his eye so he said he began to turn back to look to his left when he felt a forceful impact to his back. He stated to the Warren Commission: .
Then he heard the third and final shot, which sprayed blood and brain tissue over them. After the first shot, she heard her husband yell, . Then she heard a second shot, which hit her husband. She saw him recoil away from her and saw that he was hit. She immediately reached over and pulled him toward her into her arms and lay backward. Then she heard the third and final shot. Connally said she never looked into the back seat of the car after her husband was shot.
The Connallys never accepted the theory. While they agreed with the Warren Commission's conclusion that Oswald acted alone, they insisted that all three shots struck occupants of the limousine.
Made from an autopsy photograph. President Kennedy's death certificate places the bullet wound to Kennedy's back at about the third thoracic vertebra.
George Burkley, the President's personal physician. As interpreted by the House Select Committee on Assassinations Forensic Pathology Panel, the autopsy photos and autopsy X- rays show a bullet hole at the first thoracic vertebra. This 8 mm film, taken approximately 9. President Kennedy's suit coat was bunched up around the neckline around the time of the assassination.
The theory of a . The official autopsy report on the President, Warren Exhibit CE 3. The report also reported contusion (bruise) of the apex (top tip) of the right lung in the region where it rises above the clavicle, and noted that although the apex of the right lung and the parietal pleural membrane over it had been bruised, they were not penetrated. The report also noted that the thoracic cavity was not penetrated. This missile produced contusions of the right apical parietal pleura and of the apical portion of the right upper lobe of the lung. The missile contused the strap muscles of the right side of the neck, damaged the trachea, and made its exit through the anterior surface of the neck. This position is consistent with the back wound location in Figure 4.
It is also consistent with the unofficial versions of this photo available on the internet. The Sibert/O'Neill FBI autopsy report original. Sibert and Francis X.
O'Neill) present at the autopsy preserves genuine confusion amongst medical doctors present during the autopsy, caused by apparent lack of an exit wound, which was cleared up later in the official report after new and more complete information became available (the exit had been hidden by a tracheotomy incision). This report does note that the doctor (Commander Humes) at the time said that he was unable to locate an . The bullet was believed to have been fired from the sixth floor window in the north- east corner of the Texas Book Depository. The Warren Commission had the angles from that window to the location of the President at frames 2. Zapruder film measured by surveyors. It was found that the downward angle from the horizontal was 2.
The Commission concluded that this angle was consistent with the bullet making the observed paths through the President's upper body and striking Governor Connally in the right armpit. It was found that the weight of a single, unfired bullet ranged from 1. Robert Shaw described the wound on Connally's back as . There was a hole about . This bullet is thought to be CE 3. Governor Connally's stretcher later at Parkland Hospital. CE 3. 99 was ballistically matched to the rifle found in the Texas Schoolbook Depository, to the exclusion of all other rifles.
Theorized path of the bullet CE3. Trajectories such as this one gave rise to the term . Note relative positions of seats. The following description assumes that bullet CE 3. The 6. 5 millimeter, 1. Western Cartridge Company and later stored nearly whole in the U.
S. National Archives, was first theorized by the Warren Commission to have: ballistically arced very slightly while traveling 1. Elm Street), after an initial supersonic rifle exit muzzle velocity of 1,8. President Kennedy's rear suit coat at about 1,7. President Kennedy 2 inches (5. This abrasion collar was caused by the bullet's scraping the margins of the skin on penetration and is characteristic of a gunshot wound of entrance. This abrasion collar was photographically documented to be larger at the lower margin half of the wound, which is strong evidence that the bullet's long- axis orientation at the instant of penetration was slightly upward in relation to the plane of the skin immediately surrounding the wound; however, the skin of Kennedy's upper back slopes inward, and the Croft photo (taken at Zapruder frame 1.
Kennedy was hit) shows the President slumped forward. This would suggest that a shooting position above and to the rear of Kennedy was possibledamaged the President's first thoracic vertebra. Warren Exhibit CE 3. This is consistent with a bullet passing through the neck, immediately over the top tip of the right lung (the pressure wave causing bruising to both pleural membrane and apex of lung), but without penetrating the thoracic cavity, or the lung beneath. After passing through the neck, the bullet exited President Kennedy's throat, at the centerline below the President's Adam's apple. Within three hours of the assassination, this neck frontal wound was described in an afternoon press conference by the Parkland trauma room #1 emergency physician, Doctor Malcolm Perry, after he attended to the frontal throat wound, as being an . Doctor Perry stated the neck frontal wound .
However, medical researchers have found that ER doctors frequently make mistakes with regard to entrance and exit wounds, and both Perry and Dr. Carrico, the other attending ER doctor, later testified at the Warren hearing that with a full jacketed bullet the wound in the front of the throat could have been either an entrance or exit wound; the Parkland ER doctors also never examined the wound in the back and could make no comparisons with it.
Navy Bethesda Hospital military autopsists, that the neck front wound was originally only . Upon clearing the tie- knot the bullet had slowed to about 1,5. President Kennedy and Governor Connally,impacted and entered Connally's back just below and behind his right armpit creating an 8 millimeter by 1.